Registro prospectivo de pacientes que presentan paro cardiorrespiratorio extrahospitalario en Santiago, Chile / A registry of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Chile

BACKGROUND: The rate of survival to hospital discharge is less than 10% for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). AIM: To develop and implement a Chilean prospective, standardized cardiac arrest registry following the Utstein criteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective registry for patients presenting at an urban, academic, high complexity emergency department (ED) after having an OHCA. The facility serves approximately 10% of the national population. Data were registered and analyzed following the Utstein criteria for reporting OHCA. RESULTS: For three years, 289 patients aged 59 ± 19 years (63% men) were included. Fifty seven percent of patients were taken to a health care facility for the first medical assessment by relatives or witnesses and 34% was assisted and transferred by prehospital personnel. In the subgroup of non-traumatic OHCA, 28% (n = 54) received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The registered cardiac rhythms were asystole (61%), pulseless electrical activity (PEA) (25%) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) (11%). The overall survival rate to discharge from the hospital was 10%, while survival with mRankin score 0-1 was 5%. The median hospitalization length of stay was 18 days among those who survived, compared with five days for the group of patients that died during the hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: OHCA is an important cause of death in Chile. The development of a national registry that follows the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation guidelines is the first step to assess the profile of OHCA in the region. It will provide crucial information to identify prognostic factors and variables that can help develop standards of care and set up the basis to optimize cardiac arrest management within our country and region.

Presumed Regional Incidence Rate of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Korea

The regional incidence rates of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) were traditionally calculated with the residential population as the denominator. The aim of this study was to estimate the true incidence rate of OHCA and to investigate characteristics of regions with overestimated and underestimated OHCA incidence rates. We used the national OHCA database from 2006 to 2010. The nighttime residential and daytime transient populations were investigated from the 2010 Census. The daytime population was calculated by adding the daytime influx of population to, and subtracting the daytime outflow from, the nighttime residential population. Conventional age-standardized incidence rates (CASRs) and daytime corrected age-standardized incidence rates (DASRs) for OHCA per 100,000 person-years were calculated in each county. A total of 97,291 OHCAs were eligible. The age-standardized incidence rates of OHCAs per 100,000 person-years were 34.6 (95% CI: 34.3-35.0) in the daytime and 24.8 (95% CI: 24.5-25.1) in the nighttime among males, and 14.9 (95% CI: 14.7-15.1) in the daytime, and 10.4 (95% CI: 10.2-10.6) in the nighttime among females. The difference between the CASR and DASR ranged from 35.4 to -11.6 in males and from 6.1 to -1.0 in females. Through the Bland-Altman plot analysis, we found the difference between the CASR and DASR increased as the average CASR and DASR increased as well as with the larger daytime transient population. The conventional incidence rate was overestimated in counties with many OHCA cases and in metropolitan cities with large daytime population influx and nighttime outflow, while it was underestimated in residential counties around metropolitan cities.

Epidemiology and Outcomes in Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Report from the NEDIS-Based Cardiac Arrest Registry in Korea

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a significant issue affecting national health policies. The National Emergency Department Information System for Cardiac Arrest (NEDIS-CA) consortium managed a prospective registry of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) at the emergency department (ED) level. We analyzed the NEDIS-CA data from 29 participating hospitals from January 2008 to July 2009. The primary outcomes were incidence of OHCA and final survival outcomes at discharge. Factors influencing survival outcomes were assessed as secondary outcomes. The implementation of advanced emergency management (drugs, endotracheal intubation) and post-cardiac arrest care (therapeutic hypothermia, coronary intervention) was also investigated. A total of 4,156 resuscitation-attempted OHCAs were included, of which 401 (9.6%) patients survived to discharge and 79 (1.9%) were discharged with good neurologic outcomes. During the study period, there were 1,662,470 ED visits in participant hospitals; therefore, the estimated number of resuscitation-attempted CAs was 1 per 400 ED visits (0.25%). Factors improving survival outcomes included younger age, witnessed collapse, onset in a public place, a shockable rhythm in the pre-hospital setting, and applied advanced resuscitation care. We found that active advanced multidisciplinary resuscitation efforts influenced improvement in the survival rate. Resuscitation by public witnesses improved the short-term outcomes (return of spontaneous circulation, survival admission) but did not increase the survival to discharge rate. Strategies are required to reinforce the chain of survival and high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Korea.

The Scene Time Interval and Basic Life Support Termination of Resuscitation Rule in Adult Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

We validated the basic life support termination of resuscitation (BLS TOR) rule retrospectively using Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) data of metropolitan emergency medical service (EMS) in Korea. We also tested it by investigating the scene time interval for supplementing the BLS TOR rule. OHCA database of Seoul (January 2011 to December 2012) was used, which is composed of ambulance data and hospital medical record review. EMS-treated OHCA and 19 yr or older victims were enrolled, after excluding cases occurred in the ambulance and with incomplete information. The primary and secondary outcomes were hospital mortality and poor neurologic outcome. After calculating the sensitivity (SS), specificity (SP), and the positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), tested the rule according to the scene time interval group for sensitivity analysis. Of total 4,835 analyzed patients, 3,361 (69.5%) cases met all 3 criteria of the BLS TOR rule. Of these, 3,224 (95.9%) were dead at discharge (SS,73.5%; SP,69.6%; PPV,95.9%; NPV, 21.3%) and 3,342 (99.4%) showed poor neurologic outcome at discharge (SS, 75.2%; SP, 89.9%; PPV, 99.4%; NPV, 11.5%). The cut-off scene time intervals for 100% SS and PPV were more than 20 min for survival to discharge and more than 14 min for good neurological recovery. The BLS TOR rule showed relatively lower SS and PPV in OHCA data in Seoul, Korea.

Factores pronósticos de la supervivencia del paro cardíaco extrahospitalario en Montevideo. Análisis de cinco años / Predictive factors for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival in Montevideo. Five year analysis

Introducción: las enfermedades cardíacas son la principal causa de muerte en Uruguay. Se estima que la mitad de estos fallecimientos se presentan como un paro cardíaco dentro de la primera hora de inicio de los síntomas. Material y método: estudio descriptivo-analítico, retrospectivo, de los paros cardíacos extrahospitalarios no traumáticosde adultos asistidos entre los años 2007 y 2011 en Montevideo. Se realizó test de chi cuadrado, test de t y regresión logísticapara el análisis de asociación de variables. Resultados: se asistieron 692 pacientes con edad promedio de 71,5 años, sexo masculino 57,2%. La mediana del tiempo recepción del llamado-arribo fue de 9 minutos. Los ritmos al arribo: asistolía 59,3%, fibrilación ventricular 22,6%, actividadeléctrica sin pulso 16,8% y taquicardia ventricular sin pulso 1,01%. La supervivencia al ingreso hospitalario fue de21,2%. En el análisis univariado con respecto a la sobrevida intrahospitalaria se observó significación estadística en las variables: vía pública como lugar del evento (p=0,0004), fibrilación ventricular (p<0,0001), taquicardia paroxística supraventricular(p = 0,01) y asistolía (p < 0,0001) como ritmos al arribo y edad (p = 0,004). Cuando se consideraron en conjunto los ritmos desfibrilables, se asociaron a mayor sobrevida intrahospitalaria (p<0,0001). En el análisis multivariado con respecto a la sobrevida intrahospitalaria se observó significación estadística en la variable ritmos desfibrilables(p < 0,0001). Conclusión: hubo tiempos de respuesta adecuados de la emergencia móvil. La sobrevida intraospitalaria fue similar a la referida en estudios internacionales. Los paros cardíacos extrahospitalarios en ritmos desfibrilables, la vía pública como el lugar donde acontece el evento y las edades más bajas se asociaron a mayor sobrevida intrahospitalaria.

ntroduction: cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Uruguay. Is estimated that half of these deaths presents as cardiac arrest within the first hour of onset of symptoms.Methods: this is a retrospective descriptive-analytic study of nontraumatic adult out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) between 2007 and 2011 in Montevideo. We performed chi-square test, t test and logistic regression to analyze the association of variables.Results: 692 patients were treated by non-traumatic OHCA. The average age was 71.5 y.o., 57.2% male. The median time of the call-arrival reception was 9 minutes. The rhythms on arrival were: asystole 59.3%, ventricular fibrillation 22.6%, pulseless electrical activity 16.8% and pulseless ventricular tachycardia 1.01%. The survival to hospital admission (SHA) was 21.2%. In univariate analysis in reference to the SHA statistical significance was observed in the following variables: public place (p = 0.0004), ventricular fibrillation (p <0.0001), PVT (p = 0.01), asystole (p <0.0001) and age (p = 0.004). When considered together shockable rhythms were associated with greater SHA (p <0.0001). In multivariate analysis referred to to the SHA statistical significance was observed in the variable shockable rhythms (p <0.0001).Conclusion: Times of emergency response were acceptable.Survival to hospital admission is similar to that reported in international studies. The OHCA shockable rhythms, a public place where the event occurs and lower age were associated with more survival to hospital admission.